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Specialisations:
Bursar:
A bursar responsible for the accounting and general business operation of
schools or tertiary institutions. This may include fundraising.
Financial Analyst
Insolvency Practitioner
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Knowledge, skills and attributes 
An accountant needs:
strong communication skills
good presentation skills
able to build rapport with clients
good organisational skills
good mathematical ability
problem-solving skills
to be professional, ethical, responsible and discretion when dealing with confidential information
good attention to detail
able to work as part of a team.
Duties and Tasks
Accountants may perform the following tasks:
assist in the formulation of budgetary and accounting policies
prepare financial statements for presentation to boards of directors, management, shareholders and statutory bodies
conduct financial investigations, undertake audits, prepare reports and advise on such matters as the purchase and sale of businesses, mergers, financing, suspected fraud, insolvency and taxation
examine the income and expenditure of institutions
provide assurance about the accuracy of information contained in financial reports and their compliance with statutory requirements
provide financial and taxation advice on business structures, plans and operations
liaise with bankers and brokers to establish funds management arrangements
advise on the selection and application of computer-based accounting systems
appraise cash flow and financial risk of investment projects.
Working conditions
Although accountants work primarily in an office environment during business
hours, during busier periods or when dealing with a financial crisis they
may need to work much later hours in order to successfully manage complex
situations and procedures.
Accountants may work on their own or with other accountants. Accountants in private practice have a high level of public contact. Some positions involve travel, which is often interstate or overseas.
Tools and technologies
Accountants work mainly with computerised financial software and
programs so it is important that they remain up-to-date with this type of
technology. Calculations, statistics and monetary figures are significant to
accountants so spreadsheets and databases are used on a daily basis to help
organise and store important information. Accountants also need to keep
up-to-date with Australian tax laws, as even minor changes may be of
significant impact to a client.
Education and training/entrance requirements
To become an accountant, you usually need to complete a bachelor degree
majoring in accounting.
The qualifications required to become an
accountant depend on the type of accountant you want to be.
| Did You Know? John Grisham, famous mystery novelist, received his undergraduate degree in accounting from Mississippi State University. ![]() Luca Pacioli wrote the first book on double entry accounting in 1494. He is frequently referred to as the father of accounting. Paciolo is still a hot commodity today. His portrait was featured in the movie The Spanish Prisoner. ![]() Portrait of Luca Pacioli, traditionally attributed to Jacopo de' Barbari, 1495 (Source: Fun Facts and Famous Accountants) |
A chartered accountant is a financial
professional with technical and specialised knowledge of accounting. They
can work in almost every sector from financial services and banking to the
health care and industrial sector, where they may perform accounting duties
and make strategic decisions that can drive business.

Chartered accountants are fully qualified accountants that take on a broad
and important role. In a nutshell, they analyse and provide information
about financial records, with focus areas including financial reporting,
taxation, corporate finance, business recovery, and insolvency. They will
also often be responsible for auditing accounts and giving financial advice
that may be acted upon by the recipient to save money or increase
profitability.
Chartered accountants can work in a range of organisations and it’s even
possible to work across sectors, in public practice and industry as well as
the not-for-profit and public sectors.
ANZSCO ID: 221112
Knowledge, skills and attributes
Self-motivation: A career in accountancy may not be rewarding straight away. Studying for exams, alongside working, can prove difficult – so self-motivation and commitment are both must-have skills for hopeful chartered accountants.
Organisation: Whilst studying, you’ll need organisation to adequately manage your time between working in accounting and studying for your exams. Once qualified, you’ll need it to manage your workload between clients or projects.
Computing: Computer software plays a large role in the accountant’s workday. Whether it’s balancing budgets in Microsoft Excel, using a database to update client information, or using third party invoicing software, all accountants must be confident in using computers.
Problem solving: Accountants are responsible for balancing books and providing advice to clients. In some cases, this might mean doing research to ensure that problems are solved and averted properly. Using initiative, you should be able to resolve issues proactively in a way that is beneficial for each specific client.
Numeracy: As an accountant, you’ll work with numbers day in, day out. Accountants should have strong numeracy skills and understand how to analyse data efficiently.
Teamwork and leadership: As with any other office-based role, accountants should work well both independently and as part of a team. Having leadership capabilities
Becoming a Chartered Accountant (CA) in Australia
| The process revealed!
https://youtu.be/2Eh5TH-bPNM
Duties and Tasks
Managing budgets
Undertaking financial audits
Providing financial advice
Liaising with clients, individuals, and businesses
Analysing risk
Advising on tax planning
Maintaining accounting records and preparing accounts information
Counselling clients on areas of financial improvement
Managing junior colleagues
Liaising with auditors (internal or external)
Producing reports and recommendations following the audits
Preparing financial statements and monthly and annual accounts
Negotiating terms with suppliers
Invoicing
Working conditions
You will work in an office for 40 hours a week except during the busy periods of the financial year. You might have travel depending on your clients. You will be expected to keep up to date with the latest ever-changing tax laws and certification requirements.
Education and training/entrance requirements
To begin this career, consider completing a bachelor of accounting or bachelor of commerce or business with a major in accounting and finance at an accredited university. Individuals who wish to enrol in a chartered accountant program may apply for provisional memberships.
To become a Chartered Accountant and a member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants Australia, accounting professionals need to complete the Chartered Accountants Program. The program includes both a study component (Graduate Diploma of Chartered Accounting) and a minimum three years of practical experience, mentored by a Chartered Accountant.
Employment Opportunities
When you become a chartered accountant, you can gain a competitive edge over general accountants. Your qualifications can be internationally recognised, meaning you can work anywhere around the world. With your qualification, you can also choose to specialise in a particular area of accounting. Later on, you can also transition into roles such as a chief financial officer or a financial controller.
Forensic accountants are highly skilled
in analysing and preparing financial information for a court of law. It's a
field that requires a combination of accounting, auditing and investigative
skills.
Accountants in this field of work will typically be engaged to review
financial records and information in a post-acquisition dispute, economic
damages, calculations bankruptcy and computer forensics.

Business valuations, insolvency and fraud issues can also typically require
the skills of a forensic accountant. Forensic accountants
specialise in uncovering undeclared assets, tracing funds and explaining
financial situations. They may also provide clarity and act as a witness in
circumstances such as court cases, criminal investigations, insurance fraud
and the misappropriation of funds.
Forensic accountants may provide assistance for the following:
Divorce cases: searching for hidden assets to determine a fair settlement
Civil lawsuits: providing evidence for breach of contracts
Business acquisitions: mediating company acquisition disagreements
Vehicle accidents: assessing the economic damages arising from vehicle accident insurance claims
Medical insurance claims: evaluating medical malpractice claims
Commercial valuations: providing financial clarity for business valuation disputes
Trade patents or branding: investigating patent or trademark infringements
Business agreements: establishing economic outcomes of a non-compete agreement or breach of non-disclosure
Business purchases: determining warranty breaches
While not all cases may lead to formal
litigation, Forensic Accountants are required to produce information to a
standard that would be suitable for use in a court of law.
The standards related this field are set by the Accounting Professional and
Ethical Standards Board (APESB).

(Source:
GradAustralia)
ANZSCO ID: 221112
Alternative names: Investigative Auditor, Fraud Investigator, Forensic Auditor,
Specialisations:
You can specialise in a particular field as a forensic
accountant. After working as a forensic auditor for a few years, you can
choose to specialise and grow your expertise in a specific field, such as
private investigator training, business audits and valuations or bankruptcy
and insolvency.
Knowledge, skills and attributes
A forensic accountant examines and explains intricate business and financial transactions. A forensic accountant usually has an inquisitive, curious mind with strong analytical and financial skills and an ability to interpret data beyond the figures on the page.
Critical thinking skills: Detecting fraudulent activity involves evaluating information with a critical mind to make connections that lead to evidence. Critical thinking involves gathering information through observation, reasoning and auditing processes that highlight any discrepancies.
Communication skills: Forensic accountants require strong verbal and written skills to present their findings in business environments or courts. Communicating complex financial reports with precision, clarity and simplicity is an important part of working as a forensic accountant.
Analytical skills:
Analytical skills are important for interviewing people and reviewing
documentation. Analysing information accurately is important for
determining the type of financial crime committed.
Interviewing skills: Part of investigating potentially fraudulent
activity frequently involves interviewing people. The ability to make
people feel at ease may help a forensic accountant get the information
they want.
Attention to detail: Detecting financial irregularities and slight discrepancies take a keen ability to note fine details. Meticulously documenting investigation steps and findings also requires attention to detail.
Problem-solving skills: Forensic accountants may use their problem-solving skills to adapt an investigation as new information becomes available. Evaluating potential scenarios to determine which is consistent with the evidence is often part of their problem-solving ability.

(Source:
Antony Syndicate)
Duties and Tasks
A forensic accountant makes use of accounting, auditing and investigative skills and software to examine suspicious financial activity. Determining whether a crime has taken place is outside of a forensic accountant's scope. Their responsibility is to analyse all available information and present it in a way that a company or the judicial system can accurately assess and pass judgment. A forensic accountant's work product typically meets the standards suited for presentation in a court of law, even if the situation doesn't escalate to that point.
Introduction to the World of Forensic Accountants FINAL
(12.30m)
https://youtu.be/SjAcnce5uqM
Working conditions
Forensic accountants may work for law
enforcement agencies, government departments, independent adjustment firms,
insurance companies, banks and businesses of all sizes. Large accounting
firms may have a dedicated forensic accounting department. Some businesses
exist to provide forensic financial investigation services.
As an investigative accountant, you may work on-site to conduct forensic
analysis. You may also work as part of a team that includes other forensic
auditors, detectives, private investigators and business stakeholders. You
may appear in court to explain your findings if your work is part of the
evidence presented in a case.
Tools and technologies
Since forensic accountants are both accountants and investigators, they use tools applicable to both. These include bookkeeping and accounting software, computer forensic tools like data-mining applications, and statistical principles like Benford’s Law.

(Source:
Kaplan UK)
Education and training/entrance requirements
Forensic accounant positions typically ask for a bachelor's degree in
accounting, finance or forensic accounting. Students who aim to be forensic
accountants may take classes in subjects which include the following:
Forensic accountants are usually CAs (Chartered Accountants) or CPAs (Certified Practising Accountants). CA and CPA certifications may require an accountant to work for a pre-determined number of hours to fulfil the experience requirements. Some CA or CPA organisations offer specialised forensics subgroups for professional networking. They may also provide opportunities for further training in the field.
Employment Opportunities
A Master of Forensic Accounting allows
you to conduct an advanced investigation into a case and gain an extensive
understanding of the legal framework. The credits you gain from a master's
can help you enrol for a Doctor of Philosophy in Forensic Accounting and
Auditing. This course enables you to specialise in a key area of forensic
accounting, such as cyber accounting or fraud management.
Alternatively, you can consider gaining a Graduate Certificate in Business
(Forensic Accounting) or a Graduate Diploma of Forensic Accounting.
Postgraduate qualifications can help you progress to senior roles and take
on higher-profile cases.

(Source:
Fresh Books)
Management accountants work internally in a business and
record and analyse the financial accounts of the company for which they
work. Management Accountants provide services relating to performance-based
financial reporting, asset valuation, budgetary systems, cost management,
pricing, forecasting and the strategic governance of organisations.

ANZSCO ID:
221112Alternative names:
Cost AccountantSpecialisations:
Carbon Accountant, Product AccountantKnowledge, skills and attributes
To become a management accountant, you would need:

(Source:
Wikipedia)
Duties and Tasks
As a management accountant, you would:

(Source:
Strategic Finance)
Working conditions
Management accountants generally work normal
office hours, Monday to Friday, with occasional overtime to meet
deadlines at busy times. Part-time work may be possible.
You would usually be based in an office environment, and spend most
of your time sitting at, and using a computer. You would spend a
portion of time in meetings with the accounting team and management.
Education and training/entrance requirements
You would become a management accountant by
completing a diploma or degree in accounting, or a related field
such as business or commerce with a major in accounting. To get into
these courses you usually need to gain your senior secondary school
certificate or equivalent. English and mathematics would be
appropriate subjects to study prior to university.
Graduates of approved courses may qualify for membership or entry to
the membership programs offered by Chartered Accountants Australia
and New Zealand, CPA Australia or the Institute of Public
Accountants. Eligibility for membership varies and may require work
experience and/or further study.
Qualified and registered Accountants can specialise as Management Accountants by completing a Certificate of Business Accounting through the Charted Institute of Management Accountants.
Employment Opportunities
Employment of accountants is projected to grow strongly over
the next 3-5 years. Employment growth is expected to be closely tied to the
health of the overall economy.
There has been an increased focus on accounting and financial compliance in
response to stricter laws and regulations, particularly in the financial
sector. The continued globalisation of business should lead to increased
demand for accounting expertise and services in areas such as international
trade and international mergers and acquisitions.
Tax consultants help individual or
business with tax advice, tax returns and lodgements, and planning their
finances.
Taxation
Accountants analyse, report and provide advice on taxation issues to
organisations or individuals, prepare taxation returns and reports, and
handle disputes with taxation authorities.
ANZSCO ID:
221113Alternative names:
Taxation Accountant, Tax Agent,
Knowledge, skills and attributes

(Source:
Anthony Syndicate)
Duties and Tasks
Working conditions
In a full-time role, you would typically work
standard office hours, Monday to Friday, with possible overtime at
busy periods, such as the end of the tax year.
You might work for an accounting firm, a firm of specialist tax
agents, or be self-employed. You would be office-based but may spend
time travelling to clients for meetings and audits. A current
driver's licence may be needed.
Education and training/entrance requirements
Tax agents are usually qualified accountants.
You would become an accountant by completing a diploma or degree in
accounting, or a related field such as business or commerce with a
major in accounting. To get into these courses you usually need to
gain your senior secondary school certificate or equivalent. English
and mathematics would be appropriate subjects to study prior to
tertiary study or university.
In some instances, tax agents are qualified lawyers with the
appropriate qualifications to be certified to practise law in
Australia.
Tax agents need to be registered with the federal Tax Practitioners
Board. Individual applicants must satisfy certain qualifications and
experience requirements, which are set out in the Tax Agent Services
Regulations 2009.
Employment Opportunities
Employment of tax agents is expected to
remain neutral or decline slightly in the next 3-5 years.
For corporate organisations there has been an increased focus on accounting
and financial compliance in response to stricter laws and regulations.
Additionally, the continued globalisation of business should lead to
increased demand for accounting expertise and services as they relate to tax
matters.
For personal tax and small businesses there is an increasing number of
sotwares available to use in place of a tax consultant. In Australia the
Australian Tax Office has launched an online system for people to
self-complete their tax forms.
Finance controllers
(TV & Film) oversee the team that makes sure a production is legally
and financially managed. They have a high level of authority, to the extent
they can even override a producer with their decisions.
They are often employed by the studio, financier or broadcaster that’s
investing in, or commissioning, the production. They are accountable to the
people who have come up with the cash, so it’s their job to make sure the
film is completed within budget and the money is spent properly.
A Financial Controller
(Corporate) is responsible for delivering
financial performance of their division or business unit to meet or exceed
corporate targets. A Financial Controller is responsible for financial
planning and analysis, forecasting, budgeting, and internal control. A
Financial Controller may also be responsible for financial reporting to
management and the board of directors, as well as compliance with government
regulations.
In smaller businesses, a Financial Controller may wear many hats and have
additional responsibilities such as accounts payable and receivable, human
resources, and information technology. Larger organisations typically have
staff who specialise in each of these areas.

(Source:
Liveabout)
ANZSCO ID:
221111
Alternative names: Financial Controller,
Knowledge, skills and attributes
For the TV and Film Industry
For the Company
A Financial Controller is responsible for overseeing all financial aspects of a company, and as such needs to have a strong understanding of finance and accounting principles.
Soft skills are also valuable to a Financial Controller
role.
Some necessary soft skills include:
Andrew Knoakes, Co-Producer and Financial Controller of James Bond
https://youtu.be/e6nwcdWW6lo
Duties and Tasks
The main role of a Financial Controller is to ensure the company's
financial health by overseeing all financial planning and analysis
activities. They may also be involved with mergers and
acquisitions, which requires an understanding of complex accounting issues
such as purchase price allocations.
Working conditions
Who does a finance controller work with - TV & Film?
Production accountants: are responsible for costing productions, liaising with financiers and controlling cash flow
Key assistant accountants: are responsible for the accurate accounting up to the 'trial balance' stage. This is liaising with banks and maintaining records with receipts of all transactions. They maintain records of all cast and crew on payroll. They also monitor and maintain petty cash systems.
Assistant accountant (second assistant, third assistant): Assistants help with the day-to-day running of the accountancy office. This may involve keeping records of invoices and creditors' payments and the preparation of accounts payable, invoices, purchase orders and petty cash and payroll calculation. They process online payments, maintain filing and invoice monitoring systems, and audit petty cash envelopes. On bigger productions where there are multiple assistant accountants, one may carry out the duties of the central cashier while the second assistant may be responsible for all the accounts payable.
Accounts trainee or cashier: Trainees are responsible for making and recording payments and helping to control accounts.

(Source:
Investopedia)
Tools and technologies
TV & Film: Using
finance software: use Movie Magic Budgeting or other finance packages.
Company: As above for Accountant
Education and training/entrance requirements
A Financial Controller typically has a degree in accounting or finance, or needs to complete a professional accounting qualification such as CPA or CA. Many employers also prefer candidates with experience in financial analysis, financial modelling, and Microsoft Excel.
Employment Opportunities
TV & Film
Finance controllers have spent many years working in the industry before moving into this senior position. Some go into finance from production management positions. Others work in finance in other industries before moving into film. A good route in is to start as a cashier and work your way up to being a production accountant and then step up to finance controller.
Apprenticeships are jobs with training. They’re a great opportunity to earn while you learn. In the past, it has been challenging to find jobs as an apprentice within production companies, although there are now some employers offering assistant accountant apprenticeships tailored for working in film and TV. It might be worth looking for an apprenticeship as a junior production manager, accountant or book-keeper in a related industry. You can then transfer into film and TV drama at a later point if you keep up your interest and develop your contacts.
Company
The best way to become a Financial Controller is to gain
experience in finance and accounting roles. This can be done by studying at
university to gain a degree in accounting or finance, or completing a
professional accounting qualification such as CPA or CA. You can also gain
experience through working in roles such as a Bookkeeper, Accountant, or
Finance Officer.
In short, it takes strong analytical abilities, excellent accounting
knowledge, good leadership and communication skills, and proficient use of
financial software. Soft skills such as attention to detail, organisation
skills, problem-solving skills, and time management skills are also
important.
Production accountants do all the things accountants do, but they do it on film locations amidst the buzz and creativity of making a movie. They calculate finances, work out the cost of a production, talk to the completion guarantor (an insurance policy to make sure the film is delivered on time and on budget) and control the cash flow, or spending.
In pre-production, production accountants help the
producers and production managers prepare budgets and estimated final cost
reports. During production, they oversee all payments, manage payroll and
provide daily or weekly cost reports. They also produce cost forecasts to
evaluate the impact of any production changes.
Production accountants prepare a statement of account showing all income and
expenditure for the producer or production company and the financiers. They
may also have to arrange an independent audit. Depending on how the film is
financed, they may also have to deal with bank finance and completion
guarantors.
On larger productions, production accountants may work with finance
controllers, who are often permanently employed by studios and broadcasters.
Production accountants are usually freelancers.
ANZSCO ID:
221111Accountancy: keep books meticulously, know Inland Revenue regulations and insurance
Using finance software: be able to use Movie Magic Budgeting or other budgeting packages
Knowledge of film production: have a thorough understanding of how film dramas are made and a love of the industry
Communication: be able to listen to and be understood by everyone from producers, financiers, finance controllers and cashiers
Discretion: be able to maintain confidences
The Production Accountant: Behind the Scenes with Helen Maddison | Holes
Duties and Tasks
Accountancy: keep books meticulously, know Inland Revenue regulations and insurance
Using finance software: be able to use Movie Magic Budgeting or other budgeting packages
Knowledge of film production: have a thorough understanding of how film dramas are made and a love of the industry
Communication: be able to listen to and be understood by everyone from producers, financiers, finance controllers and cashiers
Discretion: be able to maintain confidences
Working conditions
If the production has a finance controller, the production accountant works closely with him or her. If it doesn’t, then the production accountant heads up a team that may comprise a key assistant accountant, an assistant accountant and an accounts trainee or cashier.
Tools and technologies
The usual packages for computers to keep all the accounts for film work but there is also specific packages like
2. Celtx
4. Hot Budget
6.
Google Sheets (Free Film Budgeting Templates)
Education and training/entrance requirements
Some production accountants have a degree in accounting but by no means all. Some get into the accounts department having worked in other roles in the industry. A good route in is to start as a cashier and work your way up to an assistant accountant role before becoming the production accountant.
Apprenticeships are jobs with training. They’re a great opportunity to earn while you learn. In the past, it has been challenging to find jobs as an apprentice within production companies, although there are now some employers offering assistant accountant apprenticeships tailored for working in film and TV. It might be worth looking for an apprenticeship as a junior production manager, accountant or book-keeper in a related industry. You can then transfer into film and TV drama at a later point if you keep up your interest and develop your contacts.
A degree in accountancy will stand you in good stead. It’s not essential. Some people get qualified as bookkeepers then work their way up without a degree.
Employment Opportunities
You might like to be a production
accountant in TV. Broadcasters like the ABC and
SBS will take on production accountants in staff
roles, which might suit some better than the freelance life which is more
typical for production accountants in film and TV drama.
Or you might want to take another role within film. Production accountants
go on to become line producers and financial controllers.
Accounts Clerks monitor creditor and debtor
accounts, undertake related routine documentation,
and calculate and investigate the cost of wages, materials,
overheads and other operating costs.

Accounts clerks manage and
maintain the financial accounts for a business or organisation. They
perform accounting duties such as setting budgets, billing clients,
expenditure management and payroll. Other tasks may include reconciling
account statements, reviewing invoices, checking for any discrepancies
and writing financial reports. They also manage relationships with
clients, and address queries regarding payments and invoicing. Accounts
clerks usually specialise in either accounts payable or accounts
receivable, but will sometimes perform both roles.
ANZSCO ID & Description:
551111: Monitors creditor and debtor accounts, and
undertakes related routine documentation. May work in a call centre.
Alternative names: Accounts payable, Receivable clerk,
Accounting Clerk,
Specialisations: Audit Clerk,
Investment Accounting Clerk
Knowledge, skills and
attributes
An accounts clerk needs:

(Source:
AlmostAnything)
Duties and Tasks
Working conditions
Accounts clerks may work for a variety of different businesses in a wide
range of industries. In larger firms they will usually work as part of a
team in a specific accounting branch of the institution.
They usually work in an office environment, and may need to work longer
hours during peak financial periods such as the end of the financial
year.
Tools and technologies
Accounts clerks perform most of their tasks on a computer.
They use specialist financial and business software to record, monitor
and analyse the financial activities of the business. Spreadsheets and
electronic databases are used on a daily basis for maintaining
accounting records. Accounts clerks may spend considerable time on the
phone or using email.
Education and training/entrance requirements
To become an accounts clerk, you usually need to complete a
formal qualification in accounting, accounts administration, business
administration or financial services.
A Certificate II or III, or at least 1 year of relevant experience, is
usually needed. Around one in four workers have Year 12 as their highest
education level. Even with a qualification, further experience or
on-the-job training is sometimes required.
The Certificate III in Accounts Administration, Certificate III in
Business Administration, Certificate III in Financial Services and
Certificate IV in Accounting and Certificate IV in Bookkeeping are
offered at TAFE colleges and other registered training organisations
throughout Australia.
You can also complete a traineeship. The accounts clerk, payroll and
accounts clerk, accounts payable, and accounting support officer
traineeships usually take 12 months to complete. The accounts clerk and
accounts payable traineeships are available as school-based
traineeships.














































































































































































































